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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Circulating T Cell Subsets in Type 1 Diabetes.

Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo1, Paola Santana-Sánchez2, Ricardo Vaquero-García2

  • 1Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Endócrinas de la UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elevated prolactin (PRL) and PD1 expression are linked to Type 1 diabetes (T1D) development. These factors correlate with earlier disease onset and specific T cell changes, suggesting new therapeutic targets for T1D.

Keywords:
PD1PRLT cellstype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
  • Understanding T cell roles in T1D pathogenesis is critical for targeted therapies.
  • Identifying biomarkers for treatment response is essential for managing T1D.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of prolactin (PRL) and PD1 in T1D pathogenesis.
  • To explore the relationship between PRL levels, T cell phenotype, and disease onset in T1D.
  • To identify potential cellular targets for novel T1D immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry was used to analyze T cell subpopulations.
  • Measurements of prolactin (PRL) levels were performed.
  • Correlation analyses were conducted between PRL, T cell markers, and clinical data.

Main Results:

  • Elevated prolactin (PRL) levels were observed in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients.
  • A decrease in key cytokine production was noted in T1D patients.
  • PRL levels correlated with earlier T1D onset and a distinct T cell phenotype; PD1 showed significance in T1D.

Conclusions:

  • Prolactin (PRL) may play a significant role in T1D development and progression.
  • Specific T cell phenotypes associated with PRL warrant further investigation.
  • These findings suggest potential for PRL-targeted therapies and improved T1D management.