Sample preparation using deep eutectic solvents in combination with nanomaterials in analytical procedures: A review

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Materials Science
• Green Chemistry

Background:

• Sample preparation is crucial for analytical procedures, impacting efficiency and environmental footprint.
• Nanomaterials enhance sample preparation due to high surface area and adsorption capacity.
• Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer advantages like low toxicity and biodegradability, overcoming nanomaterial limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review the integration of DESs with nanomaterials in sample preparation.
• To explore diverse roles of DESs within nanomaterials for analytical applications.
• To discuss challenges and future opportunities in DES-based nanomaterial development.

Main Methods:

• Review of sample preparation techniques utilizing DES-nanomaterial combinations (e.g., SPE, SPME, LPME).
• Classification of nanomaterials based on DES functions (modifier, solvent, carrier).
• Examination of applications in quantitative analysis of analytes in complex matrices.

Main Results:

• DESs play varied roles: modifying nanosorbents, acting as desorption/extraction solvents, or serving as nanofluid carriers.
• Applications cover quantitative analysis of diverse analytes in complex samples.
• Challenges include material stability, sustainability, environmental impact, and task-specific DES design.

Conclusions:

• This review is the first to focus on nanomaterials with DESs playing multiple roles in sample preparation.
• DES-based nanomaterials present significant advantages and opportunities for analytical method development.
• Further investigation into addressing challenges is crucial for advancing sample preparation technologies.