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The Atomic Theory of Matter02:59

The Atomic Theory of Matter

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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
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What is Matter?01:13

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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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An important concept in studying metabolism and energy is that of chemical equilibrium. Most chemical reactions are reversible. They can proceed in both directions, releasing energy into their environment in one direction, and absorbing it from the environment in the other direction. The same is true for the chemical reactions involved in cell metabolism, such as the breaking down and building up of proteins into and from individual amino acids, respectively. Reactants within a closed system...
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2025

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals
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Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

Published on: November 22, 2021

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Not-so-fragile matter.

Sameh Tawfick1, Ignacio Arretche1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A three-dimensional chain exhibits distinct solid and liquid behaviors that change with applied strain. This discovery offers new insights into the mechanical properties of complex molecular structures.

Area of Science:

  • Polymer physics
  • Materials science
  • Soft matter physics

Background:

  • Understanding the mechanical behavior of three-dimensional polymer chains is crucial for designing advanced materials.
  • Polymer chains can exhibit complex responses to applied forces, transitioning between different states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the strain-dependent mechanical properties of a three-dimensional polymer chain.
  • To characterize the solid-like and liquid-like behaviors of the chain under varying stress conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized computational simulations to model a three-dimensional polymer chain.
  • Applied varying levels of strain to observe the chain's response.
  • Analyzed the dynamics and structural rearrangements of the polymer chain.

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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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Main Results:

  • The three-dimensional chain demonstrated a clear transition from solid-like to liquid-like behavior as strain increased.
  • Specific strain thresholds were identified for these behavioral transitions.
  • The chain's response was found to be highly dependent on the magnitude and rate of applied strain.

Conclusions:

  • Three-dimensional polymer chains possess inherent strain-dependent mechanical properties.
  • These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of polymer dynamics and material response.
  • The study provides a foundation for developing novel materials with tunable mechanical characteristics.