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Smoking and Risks Contributing to COVID-19 Hospitalization in Washoe County, Nevada, 2020-2021
Danika M Williams1, Minggen Lu, Ann M Weber
1Author Affiliations: Interdisciplinary Environmental Sciences and Health (Ms Williams and Dr Yang) and School of Public Health (Dr Lu, Dr Weber, Dr Cook, Mr Wang, and Dr Yang), University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada.
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice : JPHMP
|January 21, 2025
Summary
Smoking and unemployment increase COVID-19 hospitalization risk. This study highlights the need to address individual behaviors and community factors for effective public health interventions.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- Social Determinants of Health
Background:
- COVID-19 pandemic posed significant public health challenges.
- Understanding risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes, including hospitalization, is crucial.
- Gaps exist in research integrating individual behaviors with broader socioeconomic factors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the association between smoking and COVID-19 hospitalization.
- To investigate the role of social determinants of health (SDOH) at the regional level.
- To explore the combined impact of individual smoking status and community-level factors on hospitalization risk.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective cohort study of 10,215 adult COVID-19 cases in Washoe County, Nevada.
- Multilevel analysis incorporating individual smoking status and zip code tabulation area (ZCTA)-level SDOH.
- Primary outcome: COVID-19 hospitalization, analyzed against smoking history and socioeconomic indicators.
Main Results:
- Current and former smokers had significantly higher odds of COVID-19 hospitalization compared to never-smokers.
- Higher local unemployment rates were associated with increased odds of hospitalization.
- Demographics and comorbidities were adjusted for in the analysis.
Conclusions:
- Smoking is linked to increased COVID-19 hospitalization risk.
- Socioeconomic factors, such as unemployment, also influence hospitalization risk.
- Public health strategies must integrate individual behaviors with community-level SDOH for effective interventions.
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