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Factors Relating to Sprint Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review.
Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro1, Catarina C Santos2,3, Dennis-Peter Born4,5,6
1Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. jesusruiz@ugr.es.
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
|January 22, 2025
Summary
Optimizing sprint swimming performance requires developing muscular strength for effective in-water force transfer, focusing on velocity and displacement. Further research is needed to fully understand physiological factors and optimize stroke rate and length for elite swimmers.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Biomechanics
- Exercise Physiology
Background:
- Sprint swimming demands maximal speed and sustained power.
- Performance is influenced by a complex interplay of factors specific to each event.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify key factors influencing sprint swimming performance.
- To provide evidence-based strategies for performance optimization.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to October 2023.
- Inclusion criteria focused on competitive sprint swimmers; exclusion of young, masters, triathletes, or water polo players.
- Methodological quality assessed using the Downs and Black Checklist.
Main Results:
- 39 studies were included, focusing on dry-land and in-water forces, kinematics, anthropometry, and physiological parameters.
- Muscular strength and its transfer to aquatic performance are critical.
- Kinematic variables and physiological markers like lactate accumulation are important.
Conclusions:
- Prioritize muscular development for velocity and displacement over maximal force in loaded tests.
- Individualize stroke rate and stroke length for optimal performance.
- More research is needed on drag, anaerobic/aerobic factors, and confounding variables in elite swimmers.
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