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Optimizing Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Athletic Tasks: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis for
Kai Xu1, Anthony J Blazevich2, Daniel Boullosa3,4,5
1School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, No. 200, Henren Road, Shanghai, 200438, China.
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
|January 24, 2025
Summary
Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) shows small effects, often influenced by general warm-up (GW) comprehensiveness and participant training. Methodological limitations in studies mean future research is needed to clarify PAPE
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Exercise Physiology
- Performance Enhancement
Background:
- Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is recognized for acutely improving athletic performance.
- The distinction between PAPE and general warm-up (GW) effects remains unclear.
- Existing PAPE studies often have methodological limitations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze how research methodology impacts PAPE outcomes.
- To investigate PAPE in relation to comparison methods, performance measures, GW comprehensiveness, recovery duration, participant characteristics, and conditioning activity (CA) parameters.
- To provide recommendations for future PAPE experimental designs based on meta-analysis findings.
Main Methods:
- A meta-analysis of 62 peer-reviewed English-language studies involving 1039 participants.
- Risk of bias assessed using modified Cochrane and PEDro scales; certainty of evidence evaluated with GRADE.
- Three-level meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression explored moderating factors on PAPE magnitude.
Main Results:
- A trivial PAPE effect (ES=0.12) was found pre- to post-conditioning activity (CA), and a small effect (ES=0.30) versus control groups.
- PAPE magnitude was higher with non-comprehensive GWs (ES=0.16) compared to comprehensive ones (ES=0.01).
- Larger PAPE effects were observed in participants with longer training experience (ES=0.36), higher training levels (ES=0.38), and females (ES=0.51). Plyometric exercise (ES=0.42) showed greater PAPE than resistance exercise (ES=0.23).
Conclusions:
- While pooled results show significant PAPE improvements, wide prediction intervals suggest future studies may yield negative results.
- PAPE magnitude is influenced by GW comprehensiveness, recovery time, participant sex, training status, and CA type.
- Methodological rigor is crucial for accurate PAPE assessment, with proposed experimental designs to guide future research.
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