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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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DNA Replication02:40

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
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The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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Dual DNA replication modes: varying fork speeds and initiation rates within the spatial replication program in

Diletta Ciardo1, Olivier Haccard2, Francesco de Carli1

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Researchers discovered two DNA replication modes in Xenopus, a fast and slow process. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is crucial for coordinating these modes during S phase.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Genome duplication relies on DNA replication origins, but their regulation is complex.
  • Understanding the spatial and temporal control of DNA replication is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate DNA replication dynamics using a novel methodology.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms regulating replication fork speed and origin firing.

Main Methods:

  • Developed RepliCorr methodology using spatial correlation analysis.
  • Applied RepliCorr to single-molecule DNA from Xenopus using DNA combing and optical mapping.

Main Results:

  • Identified two distinct spatiotemporal replication modes: fast and slow.
  • Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) depletion disrupted the spatial separation of these modes.
  • Replication checkpoint inhibition and Rif1 depletion did not affect replication pattern distribution.

Conclusions:

  • Plk1 is essential for coordinating replication modes and initiation-elongation coupling in Xenopus.
  • This coordination ensures timely S phase completion.
  • The study reveals key regulators of large-scale genome duplication.