Biocatalytic Strategies for Nitration Reactions

Nitro compounds are key synthetic intermediates used as enabling tools in synthesis and found in a large range of essential compounds, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and various organic dyes. Despite recent methodological developments, the industrial preparation of nitro compounds still suffers from harsh reaction conditions, along with poor selectivity and a problematic environmental footprint. Although biological enzymatic methods exist, mild approaches for bionitration are still underexplored. Enzymes, with their exquisite selectivity and compatibility with mild reaction conditions, have the potential to revolutionize the way nitro compounds are prepared. In this perspective, we systematically analyze currently available biological/enzymatic methods, including the oxidation of an amine precursor or methods consisting of direct oxidative nitration and non-oxidative nitration. By examining both the scope and mechanism of these reactions, we aim to present an update on the state-of-the-art while highlighting current challenges in this emerging field. The goal of this perspective is to inspire innovation in enzymatic nitration for sustainable organic synthesis, providing chemists with a valuable guide.