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Aero-optical effects, part I. System-level considerations: tutorial.

Matthew Kalensky, Stanislav Gordeyev, Matthew R Kemnetz

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
    |January 31, 2025
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This tutorial introduces aero-optical effects, detailing how aerodynamic environments cause phase errors in airborne-laser systems. It explains aberration decomposition, performance impacts, and wavefront sensing methods for these complex optical distortions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Fluid Dynamics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Aerospace Engineering

    Background:

    • Aero-optical effects are optical distortions caused by variations in air density and refractive index within turbulent airflow.
    • These effects significantly impact the performance of optical systems, particularly in high-speed applications like airborne-laser systems.
    • Understanding these phenomena is crucial for developing effective compensation strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a foundational understanding of aero-optical effects as part I of a two-part tutorial.
    • To decompose phase errors in a hemisphere-on-cylinder beam director's aerodynamic environment.
    • To analyze the performance implications of these aberrations on airborne-laser systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Decomposition of aero-optical aberrations into piston, tilt, and higher-order phase errors.
    • Analysis of wavefront-sensing techniques for measuring phase errors in complex aerodynamic environments.
    • System-level considerations for assessing the impact of aberrations on imaging performance.

    Main Results:

    • Phase errors arising from aero-optical effects can be systematically characterized.
    • Wavefront sensing provides a means to quantify these aberrations.
    • The study outlines the connection between aerodynamic conditions and optical performance degradation.

    Conclusions:

    • Aero-optical effects introduce significant phase errors that degrade airborne-laser system performance.
    • Standard wavefront-sensing approaches can measure these aberrations.
    • This work lays the groundwork for understanding various aberration sources discussed in part II.