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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Updated: May 29, 2025

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HELLS: the transcriptional sentinel.

Selene Mallia1, Giulia Gambarelli1, Alessia Ciarrocchi1

  • 1Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Trends in Cell Biology
|January 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The chromatin remodeler HELLS (Helicase Lymphoid Specific) directly regulates gene expression. This unexpected role in transcriptional plasticity helps cells adapt and maintain genome stability.

Keywords:
R-loopchromatin remodelergenome integritytranscriptiontranscriptional factors

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The chromatin remodeler HELLS (Helicase Lymphoid Specific) was traditionally linked to DNA methylation and repair.
  • Emerging evidence indicates a direct role for HELLS in gene transcription.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the novel, multimodal mechanisms by which HELLS influences transcriptional regulation.
  • To discuss how HELLS contributes to transcriptional plasticity and phenotypic adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on HELLS function.
  • Analysis of HELLS's role in modulating gene expression.
  • Examination of HELLS's impact on genome organization.

Main Results:

  • HELLS directly participates in transcriptional regulation through diverse, context-dependent mechanisms.
  • Modulation of gene expression by HELLS favors transcriptional plasticity.
  • HELLS activity supports phenotypic adaptation and genome stability.

Conclusions:

  • HELLS plays a multifaceted role beyond DNA methylation and repair.
  • HELLS is crucial for adaptive cellular responses and genomic integrity.
  • Understanding HELLS's regulatory functions opens new avenues in epigenetics research.