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Types of Selection

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...

Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:

Confirmation Biases

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
Females, due to their biological roles in conception, pregnancy, and nursing,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2025

Selecting Multiple Biomarker Subsets with Similarly Effective Binary Classification Performances

Selecting Multiple Biomarker Subsets with Similarly Effective Binary Classification Performances

Published on: October 11, 2018

When selection becomes selection bias.

Kristina Laugesen^1,2, Olaf M Dekkers^1,3, Rolf H H Groenwold³

¹Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.

European Journal of Endocrinology

|February 1, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Selection in clinical research isn't always bias. Understanding collider-conditioning bias, a common issue, can improve research quality by helping researchers recognize and avoid it.

Keywords:

collider directed acyclic graphs obesity paradox selection bias

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Area of Science:

Clinical Research Methodology
Epidemiology
Biostatistics

Background:

Selection in clinical research can be a source of bias.
Collider-conditioning bias is a specific, often unrecognized, type of selection bias.
This bias can arise from the way participants are selected into a study.

Discussion:

This paper clarifies the concept of collider-conditioning bias.
It explains how this bias can emerge even when selection appears neutral.
Recognizing this bias is crucial for valid research outcomes.

Key Insights:

Selection does not automatically equate to selection bias.
Collider-conditioning bias is a prevalent and often self-inflicted research error.
Increased awareness can mitigate this bias and enhance study integrity.

Outlook:

Further research into identifying and correcting collider-conditioning bias is recommended.
Educational initiatives can improve researchers' ability to detect and prevent this bias.
Implementing strategies to address this bias will elevate the overall quality of clinical research.