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Viral Structure00:56

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Simple and Robust in vivo and in vitro Approach for Studying Virus Assembly
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How do RNA viruses select which RNA to package? The plant virus experience.

Hadrien Peyret1, Sachin N Shah2, Yulia Meshcheriakova2

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Viral RNA packaging is likely driven by replication, not just specific sequences. However, packaging signals may aid efficient assembly of infectious viral particles.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Virology
  • Plant Pathology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Viral RNA packaging into new particles is crucial for infection spread.
  • Two main hypotheses explain RNA selection: specific packaging signals or coupling with replication.
  • Understanding this process is key to controlling plant viral diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze evidence for RNA packaging hypotheses in positive-strand RNA plant viruses.
  • To evaluate the roles of specific RNA sequences versus replication in viral RNA selection.
  • To assess the contribution of packaging signals to efficient particle assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of in vitro studies.
  • Analysis of in vivo experimental data.
  • Comparative evaluation of evidence supporting distinct packaging mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests viral RNA replication is the primary driver of packaging selectivity.
  • Specific packaging signals may not be the sole determinant for RNA recognition.
  • Packaging signals appear to facilitate efficient RNA incorporation and particle formation.

Conclusions:

  • Viral RNA packaging selectivity is predominantly linked to the replication process.
  • While replication is key, packaging signals contribute to efficient assembly of infectious virions.
  • A combination of replication-coupled selection and signal-mediated incorporation likely governs viral RNA packaging.