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Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov's Rule02:17

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov's Rule

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If a set of reactants can yield multiple constitutional isomers, but one of the isomers is obtained as the major product, the reaction is said to be regioselective. In such reactions, bond formation or breaking is favored at one reaction site over others.
The hydrohalogenation of an unsymmetrical alkene can yield two haloalkane products, depending on which vinylic carbon takes up the halogen. However, one product usually predominates, where hydrogen adds to the vinylic carbon bearing the...
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

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A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn...
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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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The addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov pathway and yields alkyl bromides.
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Chemo- and Regioselectivity in Allenamide-Homoenolate Coupling.

Raju Teegala1,2, Purna C R Bhavnari1, Kadiyala Sagar1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India.

Organic Letters
|February 10, 2025
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Summary

A novel chelation-assisted reaction enables ring-strain-driven interception of homoenolates using allenamides. This atom-economical method creates carbonyl-tagged enamides with high selectivity, expanding synthetic possibilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Homoenolates are versatile synthetic intermediates.
  • Previous methods for homoenolate interception have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for homoenolate interception.
  • To achieve atom-economical synthesis of carbonyl-tagged enamides.

Main Methods:

  • Chelation-assisted reaction of homoenolates with allenamides.
  • Ring-strain-driven reaction mechanism.
  • Experimental mechanistic investigations.

Main Results:

  • Successful interception of homoenolates with allenamides.
  • High chemo- and regioselectivity achieved.
  • Demonstrated broad scope and synthetic utility through diversification.
  • Detailed reaction pathway elucidated, involving carbopalladation.

Conclusions:

  • A new, efficient synthetic route to carbonyl-tagged enamides has been established.
  • The method offers complementary reactivity to existing strategies.
  • Mechanistic understanding provides a foundation for further development.