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Attachment is vital for infant development, as warm social interactions support growth and well-being. In a classic 1958 study by Harry Harlow, the significance of warmth and comfort in forming attachments was examined. Harlow separated newborn monkeys from their mothers and provided two artificial "mothers": one made of cold wire and the other covered in soft cloth. Despite the wire mother offering food, the infant monkeys preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, demonstrating that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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How Still? Parent-Infant Interaction During the Still-Face and Later Infant Attachment.

Yeojin A Ahn1, Katherine Martin2, Emily B Prince3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.

Infant and Child Development
|February 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Infant-parent interaction during the still-face episode (FFSF) is synchronous. Higher interaction levels predict disorganized infant attachment, suggesting it

Keywords:
affective valenceinfancyinfant attachmentparent-infant interactionstill-face

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Infant Behavior
  • Attachment Theory

Background:

  • The Face-to-Face/Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm assesses infant-parent interaction.
  • Infant-parent interaction may persist even when parents are unresponsive during the still-face episode.
  • Previous research suggests a link between still-face interaction and attachment outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of infant-parent affective synchrony during the FFSF still-face episode.
  • To determine if the level of affective interaction during still-face predicts infant attachment security.
  • To explore the role of irrepressible infant-parent interaction in early development.

Main Methods:

  • Independently coded continuous affective valence of parents and 6-month-old infants during the FFSF still-face episode (N=73).
  • Assessed infant attachment security at 15 months using the Strange Situation Procedure (n=66).

Main Results:

  • A positive correlation was found between parent and infant affective valence, indicating synchronous interaction during still-face.
  • Infants later classified as disorganized showed higher levels of affect interaction during the still-face episode compared to securely attached infants.

Conclusions:

  • Affective interaction during the still-face episode is a measurable phenomenon.
  • Still-face interaction is a potentially significant, yet unappreciated, predictor of infant attachment outcomes.
  • These findings highlight the importance of assessing interaction dynamics within the FFSF paradigm.