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MicroRNAs in disease States

Mehdi Alizadeh1, Hassan Ghasemi2, Donya Bazhan3

  • 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|February 12, 2025
PubMed

Insights

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression involved in numerous diseases. Understanding miRNA roles offers potential for novel diagnostics and therapeutics across major organ systems.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by silencing target genes.
  • Dysregulation of miRNA expression is implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions affecting multiple organ systems.
  • miRNAs play crucial roles in cellular pathways, influencing physiological functions and disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in various diseases across major organ systems.
  • To discuss the link between miRNA dysregulation and pathological conditions.
  • To highlight the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating miRNA expression and function in disease.
  • Analysis of miRNA involvement in cardiovascular diseases, cancers, neurological disorders, and other conditions.
  • Examination of miRNA profiles and their correlation with disease progression and treatment response.

Main Results:

  • Specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-499, miR-21) are linked to heart failure and atherosclerosis.
  • miRNA dysregulation is associated with colorectal and gastric cancers, affecting tumorigenesis and chemoresistance.
  • Diverse miRNA profiles are observed in neurological diseases, impacting neurodevelopment and degeneration.
  • miRNAs are implicated in reproductive health, skeletal muscle diseases (osteoporosis, sarcopenia), and kidney injuries (nephropathy, AKI).
  • miRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, demonstrating potential in cancer diagnostics and therapy.

Conclusions:

  • miRNAs are critical regulators in numerous diseases, with significant implications for major organ systems.
  • Altered miRNA expression patterns serve as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis.
  • miRNAs hold promise as therapeutic targets for a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Further research is essential to translate miRNA discoveries into clinical applications for diagnostics and treatments.
Keywords:
BiomarkersGene regulationMicroRNAs (miRNAs)Pathological conditionsTherapeutic targets

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