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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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MicroRNAs in disease States.

Mehdi Alizadeh1, Hassan Ghasemi2, Donya Bazhan3

  • 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|February 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression involved in numerous diseases. Understanding miRNA roles offers potential for novel diagnostics and therapeutics across major organ systems.

Keywords:
BiomarkersGene regulationMicroRNAs (miRNAs)Pathological conditionsTherapeutic targets

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by silencing target genes.
  • Dysregulation of miRNA expression is implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions affecting multiple organ systems.
  • miRNAs play crucial roles in cellular pathways, influencing physiological functions and disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in various diseases across major organ systems.
  • To discuss the link between miRNA dysregulation and pathological conditions.
  • To highlight the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating miRNA expression and function in disease.
  • Analysis of miRNA involvement in cardiovascular diseases, cancers, neurological disorders, and other conditions.
  • Examination of miRNA profiles and their correlation with disease progression and treatment response.

Main Results:

  • Specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-499, miR-21) are linked to heart failure and atherosclerosis.
  • miRNA dysregulation is associated with colorectal and gastric cancers, affecting tumorigenesis and chemoresistance.
  • Diverse miRNA profiles are observed in neurological diseases, impacting neurodevelopment and degeneration.
  • miRNAs are implicated in reproductive health, skeletal muscle diseases (osteoporosis, sarcopenia), and kidney injuries (nephropathy, AKI).
  • miRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, demonstrating potential in cancer diagnostics and therapy.

Conclusions:

  • miRNAs are critical regulators in numerous diseases, with significant implications for major organ systems.
  • Altered miRNA expression patterns serve as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis.
  • miRNAs hold promise as therapeutic targets for a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Further research is essential to translate miRNA discoveries into clinical applications for diagnostics and treatments.