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Related Concept Videos

RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
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RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

3.0K
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

52.5K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Updated: May 28, 2025

A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells
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mRNA Transcript Variants Expressed in Mammalian Cells.

Yashica Sharma1, Kevin Vo1, Sharmin Shila1

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian genes produce multiple messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript variants, not just one. These variants expand protein diversity and regulate gene expression, impacting health and disease.

Keywords:
RNA modificationsalternative polyadenylation sitesalternative splicingpost-transcriptional processing of mRNAstranscription start sites

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Conventional studies assume one gene produces one mRNA.
  • Mammalian cells exhibit complex gene expression with single genes generating multiple transcript variants.
  • Transcript variants arise from alternative transcription start sites and post-transcriptional processing of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To update the understanding of transcript variants in mammalian cells.
  • To explore the molecular basis, formation mechanisms, and biological roles of transcript variants.
  • To highlight the significance of studying transcript complexity in gene regulation, health, and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular mechanisms generating transcript diversity, including alternative splicing and RNA editing.
  • Analysis of transcript variant roles in protein function, non-coding RNA regulation, and cellular processes.
  • Examination of transcript variant expression patterns in different cell types and biological conditions.

Main Results:

  • Single genes can produce diverse transcript variants, leading to multiple proteins or non-coding RNAs.
  • Transcript variants contribute to functional diversity, cellular differentiation, development, and aging.
  • Aberrant transcript variants are implicated in disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding transcript variants is crucial for deciphering complex gene regulation.
  • Investigating transcript variants offers insights into normal host biology and disease mechanisms.
  • This knowledge can identify novel therapeutic targets for various diseases.