Unveiling the Resistome Landscape in Peri-Implant Health and Disease

Background: The human oral microbiome is a critical reservoir for antibiotic resistance; however, subgingival peri-implant biofilms remain underexplored in this context. We aimed to explore the prevalence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in metagenomes derived from saliva and subgingival peri-implant biofilms. Methods: A total of 100 metagenome datasets from 40 individuals were retrieved from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database. Of these, 20 individuals had exclusively healthy implants and 20 had both healthy and affected implants with peri-implantitis. ARGs and their taxonomic assignments were identified using the ABRicate tool, and plasmid detection was performed with PlasmidFinder. Results: Four plasmid replicons were identified in 72 metagenomes, and 55 distinct ARGs from 13 antibiotic classes were detected in 89 metagenomes. ARGs conferring resistance to macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramins, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and fluoroquinolones were the most prevalent. The msr(D) and mef(A) genes showed the highest prevalence, except in saliva samples from individuals with healthy implants, where mef(A) ranked fourth. A pairwise PERMANOVA of principal coordinate analysis based on Jaccard distances revealed that saliva samples exhibited significantly greater ARG diversity than subgingival biofilm samples (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between healthy and peri-implantitis-affected subgingival biofilm groups (p > 0.05). The taxonomic origins of ARGs were also analyzed to understand their distribution and potential impact on oral microbial communities. Conclusions: Resistome profiles associated with both peri-implant health and disease showed no significant differences and higher salivary abundance of ARGs compared to subgingival biofilm samples.