Effects of Hypergravity on Phase Evolution, Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Materials: A Review

In a hypergravity environment, the complex stress conditions and the change in gravity field intensity will significantly affect the interaction force inside solid- and liquid-phase materials. In particular, the driving force for the relative motion of the phase material, the interphase contact interaction, and the stress gradient are enhanced, which creates a nonlinear effect on the movement mode of the phase material, resulting in a change in the material's behavior. These changes include increased stress and contact interactions; accelerated phase separation; changes in stress distribution; shear force and phase interface renewal; enhanced interphase mass transfer and molecular mixing; and increased volume mass transfer and heat transfer coefficients. These phenomena have significant effects on the synthesis, structural evolution, and properties of materials in different phases. In this paper, the basic concepts of hypergravity and the general rules of the effects of hypergravity on the synthesis, microstructure evolution, and properties of materials are reviewed. Based on the development of hypergravity equipment and characterization methods, this review is expected to broaden the theoretical framework of material synthesis and mechanical property control under hypergravity. It provides theoretical reference for the development of high-performance materials under extreme conditions, as well as new insights and methods for research and application in related fields.