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Related Concept Videos

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Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Updated: May 28, 2025

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
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Primary regulatory T cell activator FOXP3 is present across Amphibia.

Rebecca A Clemons1, Chase H Smith2, Kelly R Zamudio2

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. rclemons@utexas.edu.

Immunogenetics
|February 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T cells, crucial for immune modulation, are present in all amphibian groups. This study confirms the conservation of the FOXP3 gene, a key regulator, across amphibians, offering insights into vertebrate immune evolution.

Keywords:
Adaptive immunityAmphibianImmune conservationImmune suppressionSelectionTranscription factor

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Vertebrate adaptive immunity is conserved but poorly studied outside mammals.
  • Regulatory T cells and FOXP3 are vital for immune modulation but largely uncharacterized in amphibians.
  • Amphibians are phylogenetically important and vulnerable to novel pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To confirm the presence of the FOXP3 gene across the amphibian tree of life.
  • To investigate evolutionary selection pressures on FOXP3 in amphibians.
  • To understand the conservation of immune genes in amphibians.

Main Methods:

  • Mining available transcriptomic and genomic data.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of FOXP3 gene presence and sequence.
  • Analysis of selection signatures on FOXP3 across amphibian clades.

Main Results:

  • FOXP3 is present in all major amphibian clades.
  • Evidence suggests potential shifts in natural selection stringency on FOXP3.
  • Confirms conservation of key vertebrate immune genes in amphibians.

Conclusions:

  • FOXP3 is a conserved immune gene across amphibians.
  • Amphibians possess the molecular machinery for regulatory T cell function.
  • This study enhances understanding of vertebrate immune system evolution.