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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Introduced species offer insights into range expansion processes.
  • The cane toad (Rhinella marina) is a model for invasion studies, but its relative, Rhinella horribilis, in Florida is less understood.
  • Florida's climate is colder than the native range of Rhinella horribilis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the introduction history of Rhinella horribilis in Florida.
  • Characterize population structure, genetic diversity, and adaptation.
  • Identify climate-associated genetic variants and explore potential evolution of dispersal.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing of 280 individuals using double-digest restriction-associated DNAseq (ddRAD).
  • Testing introduction hypotheses (single vs. multiple events).
  • Analyzing population structure, genetic diversity, gene flow, and climate-associated genetic variants using redundancy analyses.
  • Assessing morphological traits (limb length) for dispersal evolution.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports a single introduction event for Rhinella horribilis in Florida.
  • Complex range expansion observed with range-wide gene flow and lack of isolation by distance or environment.
  • No evidence of a dispersal phenotype at the range edge.
  • Selection identified related to precipitation, temperature, and urbanization gradients.
  • Climate-associated genetic variants suggest adaptation to the temperate environment.

Conclusions:

  • Range-wide gene flow is crucial for maintaining genetic diversity and adaptive capacity in invasive populations.
  • Rhinella horribilis successfully adapts to and establishes in Florida's temperate environment due to genetic diversity and gene flow.
  • The study highlights the importance of introduction history and ongoing gene flow in invasive species success.