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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers01:00

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers

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Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.2K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.0K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Polymer-like tetramer acceptor enables stable and 19.75% efficiency binary organic solar cells.

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Researchers developed a new tetramer acceptor (4Y-BO) for all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). This innovation significantly boosts efficiency to 19.75% and enhances device stability, outperforming traditional polymer acceptors.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Current polymer acceptors in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) suffer from batch inconsistencies and low polymerization, limiting device performance and stability.
  • Structurally defined oligomer acceptors offer a promising alternative to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of a linear tetramer acceptor (4Y-BO) as a high-performance alternative to polymer acceptors in all-PSCs.
  • To compare the performance and stability of devices using the tetramer acceptor (4Y-BO) with those using a control polymer acceptor (PY-BO).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of the linear tetramer acceptor 4Y-BO.
  • Fabrication of organic photovoltaic devices using PM6:4Y-BO and PM6:PY-BO blends.
  • Evaluation of device performance, including power conversion efficiency (PCE), and assessment of thermal, photostability, and mechanical flexibility.

Main Results:

  • The 4Y-BO acceptor exhibited refined film-forming properties, improved molecular ordering, and uniform crystallinity, leading to well-defined fibrous heterojunctions.
  • PM6:4Y-BO devices achieved a power conversion efficiency of 19.75%, significantly higher than the control PM6:PY-BO devices (15.66%).
  • Enhanced thermal stability, photostability, and mechanical flexibility were observed in the PM6:4Y-BO devices.

Conclusions:

  • Structurally defined tetramer acceptors represent a viable strategy for advancing the performance of all-polymer solar cells.
  • The 4Y-BO acceptor offers a pathway to high-efficiency, stable, and flexible organic photovoltaics.
  • This work provides a new approach for fabricating high-performance and durable organic solar cells.