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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment

48
Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
48
Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments01:11

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

56
In patients with renal impairment, drugs undergo significant changes in their pharmacokinetics, which require dosage adjustments to ensure safe and effective therapy.
Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate are common outcomes of renal impairment. These alterations lead to a prolonged elimination half-life and an altered apparent volume of distribution for drugs. As a result, dosage adjustments are typically necessary to maintain optimal drug levels in the body.
However, dosage adjustments...
56
Dialysis01:27

Dialysis

252
Renal failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively. It can be classified into two types: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).
Acute kidney injury develops suddenly and can be caused by pre-renal causes (e.g., hypovolemia, shock), intrinsic renal causes (e.g., acute tubular necrosis), or post-renal causes (e.g., urinary obstruction). In contrast, chronic renal failure progresses gradually over time and is often...
252
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

371
The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
371
Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

334
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
334
Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors01:25

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

469
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
469

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5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat
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Can we slow down the decline in renal function?

Gennaro Cice1, Leonardo Calò1

  • 1U.O.C. of Cardiology, Casilino Polyclinic, Rome, Italy.

European Heart Journal Supplements : Journal of the European Society of Cardiology
|February 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue. New cardio-nephro-metabolic drugs like SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists show promise in slowing CKD progression and reducing cardiovascular events.

Keywords:
Cardio-nephro-metabolic drugsChronic kidney diseaseIncretins

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Use of a Hanging-weight System for Isolated Renal Artery Occlusion
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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global public health concern, characterized by progressive glomerular filtration rate decline and increased cardiovascular risk.
  • Early detection and etiological diagnosis are crucial for effective CKD management, as the disease is often asymptomatic in its early stages.
  • Traditional CKD management, including glycemic control, blood pressure optimization, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade, has shown limited efficacy in halting disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic agents in slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease.
  • To assess the impact of these new drugs on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD.
  • To highlight the emergence of a new class of 'cardio-nephro-metabolic' drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical studies investigating the use of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in CKD patients.
  • Analysis of data on renal function decline and cardiovascular event rates in patients treated with these novel agents.
  • Comparison of outcomes between patients with and without type 2 diabetes.

Main Results:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists have demonstrated significant efficacy in slowing CKD progression, both in patients with and without type 2 diabetes.
  • These agents have also shown a significant positive impact on cardiovascular prognosis, reducing major adverse cardiovascular events.
  • The effectiveness of these drugs has led to their classification as 'cardio-nephro-metabolic' agents, expanding their therapeutic role beyond diabetes management.

Conclusions:

  • Novel drugs, including SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, represent a significant advancement in CKD management.
  • These agents offer a dual benefit of renoprotection and cardiovascular risk reduction.
  • The concept of 'cardio-nephro-metabolic' therapy is emerging as a crucial paradigm for managing patients with complex cardiometabolic and renal diseases.