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Related Concept Videos

MOSFET Amplifiers01:17

MOSFET Amplifiers

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The MOSFET, when operating in its active region, functions as a voltage-controlled current source. In this region, the gate-to-source voltage controls the drain current. This principle underlies the operation of the transconductance MOSFET amplifier. The output current is directed through a load resistor to convert this amplifier into a voltage amplifier. The output voltage is then obtained by subtracting the voltage drop across the load resistance from the supply voltage. This process results...
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Cascaded Op Amps01:16

Cascaded Op Amps

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Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
In a cascaded system, each op-amp is referred to as a stage. The output of one stage drives the input of the subsequent stage. As the input signal passes through...
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Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers01:23

Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers

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In small-signal analysis, a MOSFET transistor amplifier acts as a linear amplifier when operating in its saturation region. The gate-to-source voltage (VGS) of the MOSFET is the sum of the DC biasing voltage and the small time-varying input signal. This combination sets up the operating point and modulates the drain current (ID) that flows from the drain to the source. When a small AC signal is superimposed on the DC bias voltage at the gate, the instantaneous drain current comprises three...
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Operational Amplifiers01:17

Operational Amplifiers

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The operational amplifier, often referred to as an op-amp, is a multifaceted building block of a circuit. This electronic component functions like a voltage-controlled voltage source and can also be used to create a voltage- or current-controlled current source. The design of an operational amplifier enables it to execute mathematical operations when external components like resistors and capacitors are linked to its terminals. An op-amp has the capacity to sum signals, amplify a signal,...
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Cut-off Frequency of BJT01:17

Cut-off Frequency of BJT

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Cut-off frequencies in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) mark the transition between the signal's pass band and stop band, influencing their performance in amplifying or attenuating frequencies. These frequencies are crucial for designing BJTs to meet specific operational requirements in electronic circuits.
Alpha Cut-Off Frequency: Pertinent to the common-base configuration, the alpha cut-off frequency defines the upper-frequency limit at which the current gain, alpha, remains stable. As...
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BJT Amplifiers01:14

BJT Amplifiers

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Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are pivotal components in amplifier circuits, functioning as voltage-controlled current sources in their active region. This characteristic allows them to efficiently control the collector current through variations in the base-emitter voltage. Essentially, BJTs amplify power due to their ability to take a weak input signal and output a much stronger signal.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2025

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A Compact Low-Power Chopper Low Noise Amplifier for High Density Neural Front-Ends.

Alessandro Fava1, Francesco Centurelli1, Pietro Monsurrò1

  • 1Department of Information, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Roma, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a low-power chopper-stabilized low noise amplifier (CS-LNA) for neural recording. It efficiently reduces noise and electrode offset, achieving state-of-the-art performance in a compact design.

Keywords:
analog front-endbio-amplifierchoppinglow noise amplifierneural recording

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Area of Science:

  • Integrated Circuits
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience Instrumentation

Background:

  • Neural recording systems require low-noise amplifiers to accurately capture brain signals.
  • Flicker noise and Electrode DC Offset (EDO) are significant challenges in designing these amplifiers.
  • Existing solutions often compromise on power consumption, area, or performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel chopper-stabilized low noise amplifier (CS-LNA) optimized for in-pixel neural recording.
  • To achieve high performance in terms of low noise, efficient power usage, and small silicon area.
  • To demonstrate the CS-LNA's capability for multi-channel Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and robust Electrode DC Offset (EDO) rejection.

Main Methods:

  • Design and fabrication of a CS-LNA using a 0.13 μm CMOS process.
  • Implementation of chopper mixers for TDM, flicker noise reduction, and EDO rejection without a DC Servo Loop (DSL).
  • Detailed noise analysis and a design flow for optimizing the trade-off between input-referred noise and silicon area.

Main Results:

  • The CS-LNA achieves an integral noise of 4.19 μVrms (1-7.5 kHz) and 2.58 μVrms (300 Hz-7.5 kHz).
  • Demonstrates a high Noise Efficiency Factor (NEF) of 2.63 (1.62) and a maximum gain of 38.67 dB.
  • Fabricated area is 0.0268 mm², power consumption is ~2 μA at 0.8 V, and it tolerates ±50 mV input offset.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed CS-LNA offers state-of-the-art performance for in-pixel neural recording systems.
  • Its low power, small area, and efficient noise/offset rejection make it suitable for multi-channel applications.
  • The design successfully addresses key limitations in current neural amplifier technology.