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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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The hydration of cement takes place within the water-filled capillary pores. However, environmental elements can disrupt this process by evaporating water from the concrete surfaces. Sealed concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 experiences self-desiccation, leading to water loss. The water loss in concrete is mitigated by curing. This technique involves keeping the concrete saturated to maintain the necessary temperature and moisture conditions, to optimally fill the spaces in the cement...
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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Hot Weather Concreting01:20

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Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Updated: May 5, 2026

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Hydro-locking in hydrogel for extreme temperature tolerance.

Xiaochen Zhang1, Dong Li1, Xuxu Yang2,3,4,5

  • 1College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Ago-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed "hydro-locking" to stabilize hydrogels at extreme temperatures. This method immobilizes water within the polymer network, preventing brittleness and maintaining flexibility from -115°C to 143°C.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Hydrogels are water-swollen polymer networks susceptible to stiffening and brittleness due to water evaporation or freezing.
  • Temperature fluctuations pose a significant challenge for hydrogel stability and application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel strategy, termed "hydro-locking," for enhancing hydrogel stability across a wide temperature range.
  • To demonstrate the efficacy of hydro-locking in preserving hydrogel properties under extreme thermal conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Immobilizing water molecules within the hydrogel polymer network using sulfuric acid to create robust connections.
  • Incorporating a sacrificial network to protect the primary polymer network from structural collapse.
  • Utilizing an alginate-polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel as a model system.

Main Results:

  • The hydro-locking strategy successfully maintained the softness and stretchability of the hydrogel.
  • The hydrogel exhibited remarkable stability within an extreme temperature range of -115°C to 143°C.
  • The method proved effective with various hydrogels and solutions.

Conclusions:

  • Hydro-locking offers a robust solution for preventing temperature-induced degradation in hydrogels.
  • This technique has broad implications for preserving and observing materials and biological specimens at extreme temperatures.
  • The strategy significantly expands the operational temperature window for hydrogel applications.