Different aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm: an in-depth analysis from formation to detection

Planktonic pathogens pose a significant threat to the global community, especially as they develop into microbial biofilms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacillus, is notorious for causing nosocomial infections and can easily transform into a multidrug-resistant form, particularly within biofilms. This transformation leads to chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals, increasing morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. P. aeruginosa uses biofilms to survive, becoming robust and evading the host's immune protection system. Biofilms also shield microorganisms from antibiotics, rendering them drug-resistant and causing treatment failures. P. aeruginosa biofilms are often associated with device-related infections, as indwelling medical devices (IMDs) serve as breeding grounds for microbial biofilm growth. The ubiquitous presence of P. aeruginosa on both living and abiotic surfaces makes it an excellent model for studying biofilms. The virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, such as lipopolysaccharides, pili, flagella, adhesins, and exopolysaccharides, facilitate disease progression and contribute to biofilm development and maturation. This review focuses on analyzing the characteristics of P. aeruginosa biofilms, including antimicrobial resistance and gene regulation. Methods for detecting biofilms are also briefly described. Additionally, this review provides a comprehensive exploration of the most effective methods for preventing and controlling microbial biofilms, particularly those formed by P. aeruginosa. This study aims to inspire future research and the development of innovative technologies to resist microbial adherence, colonization, and biofilm formation.