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Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Ultrasonic Assessment of Myocardial Microstructure

Ultrasonic Assessment of Myocardial Microstructure

Published on: January 14, 2014

Cardiac Multiple Micro-Scars: An Autopsy Study.

Tomomi Koizumi¹, Masao Ono²

¹Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Mito Medical Center, Higashi-Ibarakigun, Japan.

JACC. Case Reports

|March 7, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiac micro-scars (MMS) may be a previously unrecognized cause of unexplained cardiac arrest and arrhythmia in patients. Autopsy findings revealed MMS in three patients with sudden cardiac death, suggesting a new differential diagnosis.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Pathology
Immunology

Background:

Unexplained cardiac arrest is often presumed to stem from known underlying diseases.
Autopsies can reveal previously undiagnosed pathologies contributing to cardiac events.

Keywords:

acute heart failure cardiomyopathy thrombosis

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