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Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...

Bacterial Signaling

Bacterial Signaling

Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2025

Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients

Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients

Published on: June 11, 2011

Structural inequalities exacerbate infection disparities.

Sina Sajjadi^1,2,3, Pourya Toranj Simin⁴, Mehrzad Shadmangohar⁵

¹Complexity Science Hub, Vienna, Austria. sina.sajjadi@it-u.at.

Scientific Reports

|March 18, 2025

Summary

Structural inequalities like wealth gaps and social segregation worsen COVID-19 spread and health disparities. Reducing these inequalities can decrease disease transmission and improve public health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Computational modeling
Public Health

Background:

COVID-19 disproportionately affected marginalized and low-income populations.
Structural societal inequalities are linked to health disparities, but quantitative explanations are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To computationally model and quantitatively assess the impact of wealth inequality and social segregation on COVID-19 spread.
To investigate how structural inequalities exacerbate health disparities and disease transmission.

Main Methods:

Developed a computational model analyzing wealth inequality and social segregation.
Conducted data-driven analyses using US metropolitan area data and Chicago COVID-19 data.

Main Results:

Inequality in self-quarantine ability widened the infection gap between income groups, increasing overall cases.
Social segregation intensified disease spread rates and contributed to a potential second infection wave.
Higher segregation correlated with increased infection cases and greater inequality across ethnic/socioeconomic groups.

Conclusions:

Structural inequalities significantly impact infectious disease spread and health disparities.
Reducing wealth inequality and social segregation can mitigate disease transmission and reduce health inequities.