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Elucidating gas phase microstructures of therapeutic deep eutectic systems.

Oluseyi Olawuyi1, James Stewart1, Md Minhas Hossain Sakib2

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This study reveals how mass spectrometry and computational modeling characterize therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (DESs). It identifies key hydrogen bonding interactions and cluster formations in menthol:ibuprofen DES, advancing drug delivery understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are novel drug delivery systems enhancing bioavailability and pharmacokinetics.
  • Understanding the complex interactions and molecular stoichiometry within DESs is crucial for their development.
  • Mass spectrometry (MS) offers unique insights into gas-phase stoichiometry and cluster formation in DESs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize a menthol:ibuprofen-based therapeutic DES using a multi-technique approach.
  • To investigate the gas-phase stoichiometry, cluster formation, and intermolecular interactions within the DES.
  • To elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding in DES formation and stability.

Main Methods:

  • Employed thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and spectroscopic methods (IR, Raman).
  • Utilized emerging mass spectrometry techniques, including electrospray ionization (ESI) and direct analysis in real time (DART).
  • Applied computational modeling, specifically density functional theory (DFT), for structural analysis of DES clusters.

Main Results:

  • Spectroscopic and thermal analyses confirmed hydrogen bonding as the primary interaction driving DES formation.
  • ESI-MS and DART-MS successfully identified hetero-molecular (1:1 menthol:ibuprofen) and homo-molecular clusters in the gas phase.
  • DFT calculations elucidated the stabilizing role of hydrogen bonds in the observed cluster structures.

Conclusions:

  • Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for characterizing DES stoichiometry and gas-phase interactions.
  • Hydrogen bonding is critical for the formation and stability of menthol:ibuprofen therapeutic DES.
  • This study provides a foundation for understanding the structure-property relationships of therapeutic DESs for improved drug delivery.