Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

1.1K
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
1.1K
Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

1.1K
Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
1.1K
Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

1.7K
Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
1.7K
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

959
Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
959
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

76
Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
76
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

88
Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
88

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<i>Salmonella</i> Bloodstream Infections.

Tropical medicine and infectious disease·2023
Same author

Immune evasion and persistence in enteric bacterial pathogens.

Gut microbes·2023
Same author

The Salmonella type III effector SpvC triggers the reverse transmigration of infected cells into the bloodstream.

PloS one·2019
Same author

Human Genome-Wide RNAi Screen for Host Factors That Facilitate Salmonella Invasion Reveals a Role for Potassium Secretion in Promoting Internalization.

PloS one·2016
Same author

A naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphism in the Salmonella SPI-2 type III effector srfH/sseI controls early extraintestinal dissemination.

PloS one·2012
Same author

Human genome-wide RNAi screen for host factors that modulate intracellular Salmonella growth.

PloS one·2012
Same journal

RETRACTED: Kim et al. The Angiogenesis Inhibitor ALS-L1023 from Lemon-Balm Leaves Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Regulating the Visceral Adipose-Tissue Function. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2017, <i>18</i>, 846.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Mahmud et al. Thymoquinone Attenuates NF-κβ Signalling Activation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Under AMD-Mimicking Conditions. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2025, <i>26</i>, 11473.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Borovikov et al. The Twisting and Untwisting of Actin and Tropomyosin Filaments Are Involved in the Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction, and Their Disruption Can Result in Muscle Disorders. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci</i>. 2025, <i>26</i>, 6705.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Molagoda et al. Flavonoid Glycosides from <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> var. <i>inermis</i> (Bunge) Rehder Seeds Inhibit α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Mediated Melanogenesis. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2021, <i>22</i>, 7701.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Guo et al. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Maize Roots Under Lead Stress. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2024, <i>25</i>, 6050.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Correction: Chang et al. Improvement of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Hepatic Failure by Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Without Reprogramming Factor c-Myc. <i>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</i> 2012, <i>13</i>, 3598-3617.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions
12:23

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Published on: October 13, 2015

8.1K

Salmonella Type III Secretion System Effectors.

Micah J Worley1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Salmonella infections are common, with type III effectors playing a key role in pathogen virulence. This study discusses how these effectors contribute to Salmonella

Keywords:
SalmonellaSalmonella pathogenicity island-1Salmonella pathogenicity island-2type III effectors

More Related Videos

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing
10:29

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Published on: July 6, 2016

10.0K
Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion
13:11

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions
12:23

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Published on: October 13, 2015

8.1K
Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing
10:29

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Published on: July 6, 2016

10.0K
Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion
13:11

Super-Resolution Imaging of Bacterial Secreted Proteins Using Genetic Code Expansion

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.0K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Salmonella infections affect millions globally, with many cases unreported.
  • Type III effectors are crucial virulence factors for Salmonella and other Gram-negative pathogens.
  • Salmonella utilizes two distinct type III secretion systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the roles of Salmonella's type III effectors in pathogenesis.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the functions of these virulence factors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on Salmonella type III secretion systems and effectors.
  • Analysis of the known functions of at least 49 type III effectors.

Main Results:

  • Salmonella employs at least 49 type III effectors via two secretion systems.
  • These effectors facilitate host cell invasion and modulate host immune responses.
  • Type III effectors alter infected phagocyte migration and contribute to overall virulence.

Conclusions:

  • Type III effectors are essential for Salmonella's ability to infect and cause disease.
  • Understanding these effectors is key to developing strategies against Salmonella and related pathogens.