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Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Microbiome and Microbiota Within Wineries: A Review.

Cristina Aires1, Rita Maioto1, António Inês2

  • 1Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.

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This review examines winery microbes from grape to tank, highlighting risks to wine and health. Climate change impacts this microbiome, affecting wine quality and potentially increasing harmful compounds.

Keywords:
bacteriaclimate changefungiriskssurfacesvinificationyeast

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Area of Science:

  • Oenology
  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Winery microbiota encompasses diverse microbial niches from grapes to fermentation tanks, surfaces, and air.
  • Microbial communities in wineries influence wine quality, worker health, and consumer safety.
  • Climate change is altering grape composition, impacting fermentation dynamics and wine characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the winery microbiome, from grape to processing environments.
  • To assess the associated risks to wine quality and human health.
  • To discuss the influence of climate change on the winery microbiome and associated challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on winery microbiota.
  • Discussion of analytical techniques including flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and metagenomics.
  • Analysis of climate change impacts on grape composition and microbial ecology.

Main Results:

  • Microbial diversity is influenced by grape variety, ripeness, environmental factors, and winemaking activities.
  • Winery surfaces and equipment harbor microbial communities that can affect wine and health.
  • Climate change leads to wines with higher alcohol and lower acidity, and favors disease-associated microbes producing mycotoxins or biogenic amines.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the winery microbiome is crucial for managing wine quality and safety.
  • Climate change presents significant challenges to the stability and safety of the winery microbiome.
  • Advanced molecular techniques are essential for characterizing and monitoring winery microbial communities.