Augmenting the interpretation: Imaging the head and face implants and their complications

Implants and augmentation techniques are increasingly used for cosmetic and functional purposes and a wide variety of implants and augmentation materials have been developed. Radiologists frequently assess post-operative imaging to evaluate expected findings, identify potential complications, or detect signs of implant failure. Additionally, implants are often incidentally encountered during routine imaging studies, making it crucial for radiologists to recognize their normal appearances to avoid misinterpreting them as pathological findings. In this review, we will explore the normal imaging appearance of common implants and augmentation techniques in the head and face, as well as the spectrum of findings associated with implant complications or failures. Topics include cochlear implants, ossicular chain reconstructions, intraocular lenses, intra-orbital silicone injections, and various ocular implants. Additionally, we will discuss facial augmentation techniques involving fillers, grafts, and implants, as well as procedures such as maxillary sinus lifts, augmentations, and hard palate prostheses.