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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

5.6K
Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.0K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

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Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
588
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

937
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
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Spin-chirality-driven second-harmonic generation in two-dimensional magnet CrSBr.

Dezhao Wu1, Yong Xu1,2,3, Meng Ye4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Science Advances
|April 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a new tunable optical phenomenon, chiral second-harmonic generation (SHG), in antiferromagnetic materials. This discovery enhances the potential for advanced optical devices and magnetoelectric detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Optics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Magnetism and light exhibit complex interactions, leading to various optical phenomena.
  • Magnetization-induced second-harmonic generation (MSHG) is a key phenomenon in this interplay.
  • Antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials offer unique properties for exploring novel optical effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel form of MSHG arising from vector spin chirality, termed chiral second-harmonic generation (SHG).
  • To investigate the tunability and physical mechanisms of chiral SHG in AFM materials.
  • To explore the potential applications of this phenomenon in optical devices and magnetoelectric detection.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of an antiferromagnetic (AFM) CrSBr bilayer system.
  • Investigating the effects of spin canting on second-harmonic generation (SHG) signals.
  • Analyzing the relationship between spin chirality, electric polarization, and MSHG.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated emergence of chiral SHG from vector spin chirality in AFM CrSBr bilayer.
  • Showcased continuous tunability of chiral SHG via spin canting, exceeding intrinsic MSHG.
  • Identified distinct physical mechanisms for chiral SHG (spin chirality, polarization) and intrinsic MSHG (Néel vector).
  • Revealed a significant modulation of SHG signals due to interference between chiral and intrinsic MSHG upon spin-canting reversal.

Conclusions:

  • Uncovered a unique and highly tunable chiral SHG phenomenon in antiferromagnets.
  • Established chiral SHG as a distinct mechanism from intrinsic MSHG, driven by spin chirality and polarization.
  • Highlighted the potential for advanced AFM optical devices and magnetoelectric detection techniques.