Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 16, 2025

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
Published on: August 22, 2018
Alkyl Azetidines Via Batch and Flow Photochemistry
Oleksandr P Datsenko1, Andrii Baziievskyi1, Iryna Sadkova1
1Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill St. 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.
Photochemical modifications of azetidine-2-carboxylic acids yield valuable alkyl azetidines. This method is scalable for drug discovery applications, demonstrated in batch and flow processes.
Area of Science:
- Organic Chemistry
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Photochemistry
Background:
- Azetidine-2-carboxylic acids are versatile scaffolds.
- Efficient synthesis of functionalized azetidines is crucial for drug discovery.
- Photochemical reactions offer unique synthetic pathways.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a photochemical method for synthesizing alkyl azetidines.
- To demonstrate the scalability of the reaction in both batch and flow conditions.
- To provide novel building blocks for pharmaceutical research.
Main Methods:
- Photochemical modification of azetidine-2-carboxylic acids.
- Utilizing both batch and continuous flow reactor setups.
- Purification and characterization of the synthesized alkyl azetidines.
Main Results:
- Successful preparation of various alkyl azetidines.
- Demonstration of reaction scalability from milligram to multigram quantities.
- High yields and purity of the target compounds were achieved.
Conclusions:
- Photochemical synthesis is an effective route to alkyl azetidines.
- The developed method is robust and scalable for practical applications.
- The synthesized azetidines serve as valuable intermediates in drug discovery programs.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation
Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction proceeds with the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen halide (HX) via two successive E2 elimination reactions.
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...

