Protein-Based Encapsulation Strategies: Toward Micro- and Nanoscale Carriers with Increased Functionality.

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Chemical Engineering

Background:

• Proteins and peptides are superior to synthetic polymers for encapsulating active substances due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity.
• These biomolecules offer unique functionalities for advanced material design.
• Natural and engineered proteins/peptides can self-assemble into functional capsular structures.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of protein- and peptide-based micro- and nanocapsules.
• To detail the various fabrication techniques for these biomolecular capsules.
• To highlight their potential applications across different industries, focusing on food technology and healthcare.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on protein and peptide self-assembly for encapsulation.
• Analysis of fabrication methods for creating micro- and nanocapsules (e.g., protein cages, polypeptide coacervates).
• Categorization of capsules based on assembly conditions (template-free vs. template-assisted) and core content (gaseous, liquid, solid).

Main Results:

• Proteins and peptides can form stable micro- and nanocapsules through various self-assembly processes.
• Fabrication techniques include methods that utilize inherent protein properties or directed assembly.
• Applications span from food ingredient protection to drug delivery systems in healthcare.

Conclusions:

• Protein- and peptide-based micro- and nanocapsules represent a versatile and sustainable platform for encapsulating active substances.
• Their tunable properties and fabrication methods allow for tailored applications in diverse fields.
• Further research into these biomaterials promises advancements in food technology and biomedical applications.