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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

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Digital Twins for 3D Confocal Microscopy: Near-Field, Far-Field, and Comparison with Experiments.

Poul-Erik Hansen¹, Tobias Pahl², Liwei Fu³

¹Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Alle 5, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 12, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed digital twins using rigorous models to predict confocal microscopy sensor responses for complex surfaces. This approach enhances accuracy and reduces simulation time for advanced microscopy applications.

Keywords:

BEM FEM FMM confocal microscopy digital twin far-field calculation metrology microscopy near-field calculation numerical simulation

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Computational Physics
Microscopy Techniques

Background:

Confocal microscopy faces limitations with complex surface geometries.
Accurate prediction of sensor responses is crucial for advancing microscopy.
Existing methods can be time-intensive for detailed surface analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To overcome current limitations in confocal microscopy.
To predict sensor responses for complex surface geometries.
To develop a novel, efficient method for confocal microscopy simulations.

Main Methods:

Digital twins were constructed using three rigorous models: finite element method (FEM), Fourier modal method (FMM), and boundary element method (BEM).
Light-surface interactions were modeled, and Fourier optics calculated sensor signals.
A 3D illumination model was applied to periodic and aperiodic structures, with scanning achieved via focal-point shifts.

Main Results:

FEM, FMM, and BEM models produced identical, highly accurate results for rectangular gratings, validated by experimental data.
Simulations provided insights into instrument transfer functions, tilted gratings, and edge rounding effects.
The novel FMM-based confocal microscopy method was described in detail.

Conclusions:

The developed digital twin approach offers a promising method for correcting systematic errors in confocal microscopy.
This research enhances the predictive capabilities of confocal microscopy for complex surfaces.
The findings pave the way for more accurate and efficient microscopy analyses.