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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...

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Updated: May 13, 2025

Microglia as a Surrogate Biosensor to Determine Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity

Microglia as a Surrogate Biosensor to Determine Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity

Published on: October 25, 2016

Nanoparticles induced neurotoxicity.

Divya Bajpai Tripathy¹, Subhalaxmi Pradhan¹, Anjali Gupta¹

¹Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India.

|April 16, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review examines how various nanoparticles, including silver and titanium dioxide, can cause neurotoxicity. Understanding nanoparticle toxicity is crucial for safe nanotechnology development and application.

Keywords:

Nanoparticles blood-brain barrier neuroinflammation neurotoxicity oxidative stress

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Area of Science:

Nanotechnology
Neuroscience
Toxicology

Background:

Nanoparticles (NPs) penetration of biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier (BBB) raises concerns about neurotoxicity.
Diverse NPs, including metal oxides and carbon-based materials, are under scrutiny for their potential neurological effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the mechanisms of neurotoxicity induced by various nanoparticles.
To highlight factors influencing NP neurotoxicity and discuss preventive strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of in vitro and in vivo studies on nanoparticle neurotoxicity.
Analysis of signaling pathways involved in NP-induced neuronal damage.

Main Results:

Nanoparticles can induce neurotoxicity through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Toxicity is dependent on NP characteristics (size, surface) and exposure factors (dose, recipient's health).

Conclusions:

Comprehensive safety assessments are essential for the safe use of nanoparticles.
Surface modification and antioxidant treatments show promise in mitigating NP neurotoxicity.