Assessing Inequities in Hospital Outcomes for Australian Children From Underserved Populations

Inequity in health outcomes for children and young people (CYP) from underserved populations (Indigenous, culturally and linguistically diverse, refugee and/or asylum seeking, out-of-home care backgrounds, and National Disability Insurance Scheme participants) persists. We quantify baseline inequities in health outcomes to measure the effectiveness of equity interventions.

We analyzed electronic medical records on CYP from the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network between 2015 and 2019. The primary outcome measures were high-acuity presentations, potentially preventable hospitalizations (PPH), chronic condition hospitalizations, discharge against medical advice (DAMA), ward and critical care admission, readmission, and extended length of stay (LOS). We used generalized estimating equation models to examine the relationship between underserved population status and outcomes.

One third of 253 934 inpatient and 446 924 emergency department (ED) encounters were underserved CYP. Compared with nonunderserved populations, there was increased risk of PPH (relative risk [RR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.23-1.27), chronic conditions (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07-1.10), DAMA (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19-1.49), ward admission (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.15-1.18), readmission (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.42-1.53), extended inpatient LOS (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.18-1.24), and ED LOS (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.10-1.12). As an example of cumulative risk, Indigenous CYP living with a disability had a 239% higher risk of readmission than CYP without these risk factors (RR, 3.39; 95% CI, 2.92-3.93).

Interventions are required to reduce health inequities for underserved CYP. We present strategies that include improved patient identification, enhanced service access, and system-wide culture change within an equity learning health system.