Ultrasound-activated inorganic nanomaterials to generate ROS for antibacterial applications

Given the global overuse and misuse of antibiotics, the problem of antibiotic resistance has become increasingly severe, necessitating the urgent development of innovative therapeutic strategies to address bacterial infections. In recent years, nanomaterial-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a promising alternative treatment. This strategy works by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inhibit or kill bacteria, thereby avoiding the risk of antibiotic resistance. This review explores the various mechanisms by which ROS exert antibacterial effects and examines the different methods of generating ROS. It provides an overview of the diverse nanomaterials applied in SDT in recent years, including two-dimensional materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), heterojunctions, and surface-modified bulk materials. Additionally, it discusses other types of nanomaterials such as metal oxides and piezoelectric materials, while also highlighting their specific therapeutic applications in treating infections like skin infections and osteomyelitis. At the conclusion of the review, the development of nanomaterial-mediated SDT is discussed in terms of both its potential and challenges. The article offers valuable theoretical insights and practical references for the preparation of the nanomaterials required for this antibiotic-free therapeutic approach, and proposes new directions for future research aimed at addressing the growing issue of antibiotic resistance.