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Air pollution mapping and variability over five European cities.

Karine Sartelet¹, Jules Kerckhoffs², Eleni Athanasopoulou³

¹CEREA, Ecole des Ponts, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, EdF R&D, IPSL, 77 455 Marne-la-Vallée, France.

Environment International

|April 18, 2025

Summary

High-resolution urban pollution maps were created for five European cities using advanced modeling. These maps reveal detailed spatial and seasonal patterns for pollutants like nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter, aiding air quality management.

Keywords:

Black carbon Exposure Maps Ultrafine particles

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Atmospheric Chemistry
Urban Planning

Background:

Urban air pollution mapping is crucial for public health, but urban complexity poses challenges for fine-scale analysis.
Existing methods struggle to capture intra-urban concentration gradients for regulated and emerging pollutants.
Accurate fine-scale pollution data is needed to inform policy, such as the EU Air Quality Directive.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and compare state-of-the-art modeling approaches for high-resolution (<100m) urban pollution mapping.
To assess the performance of empirical and deterministic models in capturing spatial and seasonal variability of pollutants.
To provide guidance on selecting and improving urban exposure mapping methods.

Main Methods:

Application of advanced empirical (land use regression with mobile monitoring) and deterministic (Eulerian, hybrid, Gaussian) modeling.
Full-city mapping of regulated pollutants (NO2, PM2.5) and emerging pollutants (black carbon, particulate number concentration).
Comparison of model results with fixed measurement stations and introduction of a standardized metric for variability assessment.

Main Results:

Confirmed higher pollutant concentrations and spatial variability for particulate number concentration (PNC), NO2, and black carbon (BC) compared to PM2.5.
Observed increased concentrations during winter periods, with reduced spatial variability for PM2.5 and BC in specific emission scenarios.
Demonstrated the capacity of the applied methodologies to reproduce fine-scale urban heterogeneity and intra-urban gradients.

Conclusions:

Advanced modeling techniques can effectively produce high-resolution urban pollution maps, capturing complex spatial and seasonal patterns.
Methodological strengths and limitations were identified, offering practical insights for future urban air quality assessments.
The study supports the implementation of the EU Air Quality Directive by providing tools for better exposure assessment.