Complementary examinations in the diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome: a report of 2 cases

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands. Its clinical manifestations vary, ranging from sicca syndrome, which is characterized by xerostomia, xerophthalmia, and xeroderma, to the systemic involvement of organs. SS typically affects middle-aged women and may be associated with other autoimmune diseases. This article reports the diagnosis and treatment of SS in 2 women aged 58 and 56 years, highlighting the importance of proper disease management and complementary diagnostic tests. The patients reported xerostomia, xerophthalmia, and difficulty eating. Both had been previously diagnosed with other autoimmune diseases and exhibited unfavorable oral conditions. The diagnostic process comprised sialometry; anti-SSA, anti-SSB, and antinuclear antibody factor blood tests; ophthalmologic tests; biopsy of minor salivary glands; and ultrasound of major salivary glands. Results confirmed the diagnosis of SS in each patient. Subsequently, the patients received multidisciplinary treatment and support, but follow-up examinations showed no substantial improvement. Given the range of clinical manifestations that can mimic other diseases, delays in SS diagnosis are common and can lead to considerable patient morbidity. Healthcare professionals involved in the diagnosis of SS must possess knowledge about the necessary complementary tests and perform them when appropriate.