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Motion Analysis in Alpine Skiing: Sensor Placement and Orientation-Invariant Sensing.

Behrooz Azadi1,2, Michael Haslgrübler1, Alois Ferscha2

  • 1Pro2Future GmbH, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.

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Summary

This study presents a preprocessing algorithm for inertial measurement units (IMUs) to accurately track alpine skiers' turning motions. The method corrects for sensor placement and orientation variability, enabling reliable analysis of skiing behavior.

Keywords:
alpine skiing monitoringinertial measurement unitmotion analysissensor fusionsensor placement and orientation

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Accurate estimation of skier body pose and inclinations is crucial for analyzing turning behavior.
  • Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) offer kinematic data in challenging conditions but are sensitive to placement and orientation variations.
  • Variability in sensor data can hinder reliable assessment of skiing performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of sensor placement and orientation on IMU signals in alpine skiing.
  • To develop and validate a preprocessing algorithm for standardizing IMU data.
  • To enable robust detection and analysis of skiers' turning motions regardless of sensor setup.

Main Methods:

  • A sensor fusion approach utilizing a quaternion-based complementary filter (CF) was employed.
  • Raw IMU signals were rotated to a reference orientation, approximating placement near the Center of Mass (CoM).
  • The global wavelet spectrum was used to extract and analyze turning motions.

Main Results:

  • The preprocessing algorithm effectively reconstructed side motions and represented skiing turns.
  • Skiing turns were detected independently of sensor placement and orientation across 14 sensors, including smartphones.
  • Field experiments with six skiers showed consistent turn detection with low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.77 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.50 relative to a reference sensor.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed algorithm significantly improves the reliability of IMU-based kinematic analysis in alpine skiing.
  • This method overcomes challenges associated with sensor placement and orientation variability.
  • The findings support the use of IMUs for objective and consistent evaluation of skiers' turning behavior and abilities.