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A Systematic Review of Hand Surgery Simulation.

Jacob A Becerra1, Idean Roohani1, Neil U Parikh1

  • 1From the Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA.

Annals of Plastic Surgery
|May 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Surgical simulation models offer valuable technical practice for hand surgery trainees. Diverse models exist, but integration depends on program resources and budget.

Keywords:
COVID-19hand surgeryorthopedic surgeryplastic surgerysystematic reviewtraining

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Surgical Education
  • Medical Simulation

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for surgical simulation in hand surgery training.
  • Simulation allows for technical skill development outside the operating room.
  • Cost and complexity must be considered for simulation infrastructure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing simulation models for hand surgery training.
  • To analyze the effectiveness and types of simulated procedures.
  • To assess the methods used for evaluating simulation efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA-P guidelines.
  • Searched multiple databases (PubMed, Medline, Scopus, etc.) for relevant articles.
  • Included English-language, peer-reviewed articles on hand surgery simulation techniques.

Main Results:

  • 39 articles met inclusion criteria from 2745 initially identified.
  • Most common models: synthetic/3D printed (41.0%), animal (25.6%), cadaveric (17.9%), AR/VR (10.3%).
  • Tendon repair and fracture fixation were the most simulated procedures; 51.3% of studies evaluated efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • A variety of hand surgery simulation models are available.
  • These models enhance surgical technique and procedural expertise in a safe environment.
  • Implementation is contingent upon training program time and financial constraints.