ECG Evolution in Elite Gymnasts: A Retrospective Analysis of Training Adaptations, Risk Prediction, and PPE...

Background: Electrocardiographic (ECG) screening is crucial in pre-participation evaluations (PPEs) for elite athletes, aiding in the early detection of cardiac adaptations and potential risks. Elite female gymnasts experience unique cardiovascular adaptations due to intensive training, yet limited longitudinal data exist on their ECG evolution. This study introduces Oracle Crystal Ball, a predictive tool for forecasting ECG abnormalities and assessing PPE cost-effectiveness to optimize screening protocols. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed ECG and cardiovascular parameters in twelve elite female gymnasts who underwent up to 14 PPEs over several years at the National Institute of Sports Medicine, Romania. Longitudinal ECG trends, training variables, and biochemical markers were examined using statistical analyses, including logistic regression, repeated measures ANOVA, and time-series forecasting (ARIMA). Monte Carlo simulations assessed the cost-effectiveness of 6-month vs. 12-month PPE schedules. Results: The athletes exhibited significant cardiovascular adaptations, including progressive declines in resting heart rate and training-induced ECG changes. Junctional escape rhythms and T-wave inversions (V1-V3) increased with age, requiring refined ECG interpretation. Predictive modeling demonstrated the feasibility of individualized risk stratification, while a cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that a 12-month PPE schedule was financially advantageous without reducing diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions: Longitudinal ECG monitoring and predictive analytics improve risk assessment in elite gymnasts. Oracle Crystal Ball enhances athlete-specific screening, minimizing unnecessary tests while ensuring early detection of clinically significant ECG changes. A 12-month PPE schedule is a cost-effective alternative for elite athletes.