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Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2025

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique

Published on: June 9, 2021

Association Between Inflammatory Cytokines and Refractive Errors: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study.

Yue Xu¹, Xing-Xuan Dong², Yun Wang¹

¹Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.

Translational Vision Science & Technology

|May 1, 2025

Summary

Higher levels of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA) and interleukin 2 (IL2) may reduce the risk of myopia. This suggests inflammatory cytokines play a causal role in refractive error development.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2025

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique

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Inducement and Evaluation of a Murine Model of Experimental Myopia

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Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Genetics
Immunology

Background:

Refractive errors, including myopia, are a significant global health concern.
The role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of refractive errors remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential causal relationship between specific inflammatory cytokines and the risk of developing refractive errors.
To explore the genetic underpinnings of this association using Mendelian randomization.

Main Methods:

Utilized genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from European ancestry.
Employed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.
Conducted rigorous sensitivity analyses to ensure the reliability of findings.

Main Results:

Increased levels of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA) were associated with a decreased prevalence of myopia (0.235 per unit increase).
Elevated levels of interleukin 2 (IL2) also correlated with a reduced prevalence of myopia (0.132 per unit increase).
No significant causal links were found for other tested cytokines (IL1α, IL1β, IL12p70, MCP1) or a reverse causal effect of refractive errors on IL1RA/IL2.

Conclusions:

Provides evidence for a causal role of IL1RA and IL2 in the development of refractive errors.
Findings suggest potential targets for early detection, surveillance, and management strategies for refractive errors.