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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Updated: May 15, 2025

A Standard Methodology to Examine On-site Mutagenicity As a Function of Point Mutation Repair Catalyzed by CRISPR/Cas9 and SsODN in Human Cells
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Editing proteins inside a cell.

J Trae Hampton1, Wenshe Ray Liu1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Split protein segments can be used to modify various target proteins within living cells. This protein modification technology offers new ways to study and manipulate cellular functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein modification is crucial for cellular function.
  • Existing methods for protein modification can be limited in scope or application.
  • Novel approaches are needed to precisely alter protein functions in vivo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the efficacy of split protein segments for modifying target proteins.
  • To explore the versatility of this system across different protein types.
  • To establish a new tool for cellular engineering and research.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing split protein fragments designed to reassemble on target proteins.
  • Introducing these fragments into living cells.
  • Observing and quantifying the resulting protein modifications.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated that split protein segments can reassemble and modify target proteins.
  • Showcased the ability to modify a diverse range of cellular proteins.
  • Confirmed the feasibility of this approach in a living cell environment.

Conclusions:

  • Split protein segments provide a powerful and adaptable method for protein modification in cells.
  • This technology opens new avenues for studying protein function and developing novel biotechnological applications.