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High-aspect ratio titanium nanopillars modulate macrophage responses.

Benedictus I M Eijkel1, Khashayar Modaresifar1, Eszter Mádai2

  • 1Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands.

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Titanium nanopillars alter macrophage behavior, promoting M2 polarization in unstimulated cells and M2-like changes in pro-inflammatory cells. These surfaces show potential for immunomodulation alongside antimicrobial and osteogenic properties.

Keywords:
Black titaniumDry-etched titaniumICP-RIEImmunomodulationMacrophages

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • High-aspect ratio (HAR) titanium nanopillars exhibit antimicrobial and osteogenic properties.
  • The immunomodulatory effects of these HAR titanium surfaces on immune cells are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of dry-etched titanium (DETi) nanopillars on murine macrophages (J774A.1).
  • To explore the immunomodulatory potential of DETi surfaces on unstimulated (M0) and pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing M0 and M1 murine macrophages on DETi nanopillar surfaces.
  • Analyzing changes in macrophage morphology, cell surface, and protrusions.
  • Assessing macrophage polarization and inflammatory response.

Main Results:

  • DETi nanopillars exhibited varied morphology and crystallinity along their height.
  • Macrophages on DETi surfaces showed altered morphology, including elongated shapes and reduced protrusions.
  • DETi surfaces induced M2 polarization in M0 macrophages and M2-like changes in M1 macrophages, which retained some pro-inflammatory response.

Conclusions:

  • DETi surfaces induce significant morphological changes in macrophages.
  • These surfaces exert distinct immunomodulatory effects on macrophages based on their initial activation state.
  • Titanium nanopillars hold promise for developing biomaterials with combined immunomodulatory, osteogenic, and antimicrobial functions.