Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Compartment Models: Single-Compartment Model01:14

Compartment Models: Single-Compartment Model

2.0K
The single-compartment model serves as a simplified representation of the human body. This model assumes that the body functions as a single, well-mixed open compartment. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the body and quickly distributes uniformly. The drug then undergoes biotransformation and elimination, ultimately leaving the body. The volume of this compartment is referred to as the apparent volume of distribution into which the drug can uniformly distribute. In this...
2.0K
Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model01:20

Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model

5.0K
The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, affecting drug distribution. The central compartment includes blood and highly perfused tissues with rapid drug distribution, while the peripheral compartment contains tissues with slower drug distribution. After a single IV bolus dose, the drug concentration is high in plasma and low in tissues. The drug distribution between compartments...
5.0K
Three-Compartment Open Model01:06

Three-Compartment Open Model

100
The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...
100
Body Water Content and Fluid Compartments01:19

Body Water Content and Fluid Compartments

419
Life's biochemical processes occur within aqueous solutions. Solutes are substances that are dissolved within these solutions. The human body contains a variety of solutes, which can differ across various body parts. These can encompass proteins—such as those responsible for clotting and carbohydrate transport—as well as electrolytes. In medicine, an electrolyte is often described as a mineral ion derived from a salt possessing an electric charge. Examples include sodium ions...
419
Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion01:15

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion

145
A two-compartment model is a vital tool in pharmacokinetics, providing an essential understanding of drug behavior, especially for those administered via zero-order intravenous infusion. This model outlines two compartments: the central compartment, where elimination occurs, and the peripheral compartment.
The model illustrates the decrease in plasma drug concentration from the central compartment with a specific equation. It shows that under steady-state conditions, the drug's input rate...
145
Multicompartment Models: Overview01:14

Multicompartment Models: Overview

60
Multicompartment models are mathematical constructs that depict how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They segment the body into several compartments, symbolizing various physiological or anatomical areas connected through drug transfer processes such as absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
These models offer a more comprehensive representation of drug behavior in the body than one-compartment models. They accommodate the complexity of drug distribution,...
60

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Skeletal Muscle Mass Is Independently Associated With Water Turnover in Male Athletes.

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to "Relationship between severe hypoglycemia or impaired awareness of hypoglycemia and diabetes-related health status, global cognition and executive functions in adults with type 1 diabetes without severe anxiety or depression" [Diabetes Res Clin Pract 221 (2025) 112004. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112004. Epub2025 Jan 11. PMID:39805380].

Diabetes research and clinical practice·2026
Same author

Comparison of different bromide equilibrium times to measure extracellular water in athletes: Analysis before and after a 4-day intervention to increase water intake.

Clinical nutrition ESPEN·2026
Same author

Skeletal muscle mass is not compositionally uniform: the role of fluid compartments in health and performance monitoring.

European journal of clinical nutrition·2026
Same author

Tracking changes in body composition in athletes: are rapid four-compartment models valid?

The British journal of nutrition·2026
Same author

Skinfolds Measurement Protocols and Standards: A Narrative Review.

Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2025

Evaluation of Fluid Overload by Bioelectrical Impedance Vectorial Analysis
07:17

Evaluation of Fluid Overload by Bioelectrical Impedance Vectorial Analysis

Published on: August 17, 2022

2.4K

Rapid Four-Compartment Models in Athletes Using Alternative Solutions for Body Volume and Water.

Tiago R Silva1,2, Rui Poínhos1,3, Luís B Sardinha2

  • 1Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
|May 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study validates rapid four-compartment (4C) body composition models using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) in athletes. These faster methods accurately estimate body fat, offering a practical alternative to complex criterion 4C models.

Keywords:
athletesbody compositiondual‐energy‐X‐ray absorptiometrymulticompartment modelvalidation

More Related Videos

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
07:09

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Published on: February 20, 2017

13.0K
Author Spotlight: Advancements in 3D Optical Imaging for Comprehensive Body Composition Assessment in Modern Research
06:48

Author Spotlight: Advancements in 3D Optical Imaging for Comprehensive Body Composition Assessment in Modern Research

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2025

Evaluation of Fluid Overload by Bioelectrical Impedance Vectorial Analysis
07:17

Evaluation of Fluid Overload by Bioelectrical Impedance Vectorial Analysis

Published on: August 17, 2022

2.4K
Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
07:09

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Published on: February 20, 2017

13.0K
Author Spotlight: Advancements in 3D Optical Imaging for Comprehensive Body Composition Assessment in Modern Research
06:48

Author Spotlight: Advancements in 3D Optical Imaging for Comprehensive Body Composition Assessment in Modern Research

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.1K

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Body Composition Analysis

Background:

  • The criterion four-compartment (4C) model is the gold standard for body composition assessment but is complex and impractical for many settings.
  • Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used but is typically part of 2C or 3C models.
  • There is a need for accurate and practical body composition models, especially in sports science and performance contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To externally validate a DXA-derived body volume (BV) equation.
  • To assess the accuracy of rapid 4C models that replace deuterium dilution total body water (TBW) with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS).
  • To evaluate these rapid models in a cohort of athletes.

Main Methods:

  • Validated a DXA-derived body volume equation (DXA-BVSilva) against air displacement plethysmography (ADP).
  • Assessed rapid 4C models using DXA for bone mineral content, ADP for BV, and BIS for TBW in 115 athletes.
  • Compared fat mass (FM) estimates from rapid 4C models against the criterion 4C model.

Main Results:

  • DXA-derived BV equations reliably estimated body volume compared to ADP.
  • Rapid 4C models utilizing BIS for TBW (4CTBWBIS, 4C BVSilvaTBWBIS, 4C BVHeymsfieldTBWBIS) provided accurate fat mass estimates.
  • These rapid models showed small, nonsignificant differences and narrow 95% limits of agreement compared to the criterion 4C model, with no proportional bias.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid 4C models incorporating BIS offer a practical and accurate alternative for body composition assessment in athletes.
  • These validated models can be implemented in settings where the criterion 4C model is not feasible.
  • The findings support the use of these advanced models in sports nutrition, sports science, and research, moving beyond traditional 2C and 3C models.