Neuromodulatory signaling contributing to the encoding of aversion

The appropriate and rapid encoding of stimuli bearing a negative valence enables behaviors that are essential for survival. Recent advances in neuroscience using rodents as a model system highlight the relevance of cell type-specific neuronal activities in diverse brain networks for the encoding of aversion, as well as their importance for subsequent behavioral strategies. Within these networks, neuromodulators influence cell excitability, adjust fast synaptic neurotransmission, and affect plasticity, ultimately modulating behaviors. In this review we first discuss contemporary findings leveraging the use of cutting-edge neurotechnologies to define aversion-related neural circuits. The spatial and temporal dynamics of the release of neuromodulators and neuropeptides upon exposure to aversive stimuli are described within defined brain circuits. Together, these mechanistic insights update the present neural framework through which aversion drives motivated behaviors.