Extrusion of Oilseed-Based Ingredients: Unlocking New Potential for Sustainable Protein Solutions

The growing demand for plant-based proteins has driven significant interest in utilization of oilseed cakes and meals, which are abundant byproducts of the oil extraction industry. These protein-rich products possess unique functional properties that make them valuable for various food applications in a sustainable and cost-effective way. This review provides an in-depth review of extrusion processes as tools to enhance the functionality of oilseed cakes, meals, and proteins. Under specific processing conditions that dictate thermal and mechanical energy input, extrusion induces structural and functional modifications in proteins, which, in turn, improves the digestibility, reduces antinutritional factors, and enhances the overall nutritional profile of oilseed cakes, meals, and proteins. The importance of optimizing key extrusion parameters and the role of residual oil content in the process are discussed. Additionally, the diverse applications of extruded oilseed proteins in developing meat alternatives, snack foods, and breakfast cereals are highlighted. Advanced techniques such as fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis as treatments prior to extrusion are also examined for their potential to further improve the sensory and nutritional properties of extruded products. Relevant literature published between 2000 and 2024 was identified using databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, with keywords including oilseed proteins, extrusion, and plant-based meat alternatives. Studies were selected based on relevance to processing techniques, functional outcomes, and food applications. This comprehensive analysis underscores the potential of extrusion technology to unlock new opportunities for oilseed cakes and their protein-rich fractions in the food industry, contributing to the development of innovative, plant-based food products that meet consumer demands for nutrition and sustainability.